Resource efficiency with useful heat or electricity: Difference between revisions

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[[Kategori:Svenskar]]
[[Category:English]]
One way to determine which energy source is best for the environment is to assess the benefit in the form of heat or electricity a power stroke can provide. The tables below can be read as 1 unit of fuel provides x heat and y electricity. Higher number is better.
|[[Resurseffektivitet med nytta värme eller el|SE]]|
 
One way to determine which energy source that is best for the environment is to assess the benefit in the form of heat or electricity a power source can provide. The tables below can be read as 1 unit of fuel provides X heating and Y electricity. Higher number is better.


Note that "useful heat out" greater than 100 means that the end result is more heat energy than if the fuel were burned directly for heating.
Note that "useful heat out" greater than 100 means that the end result is more heat energy than if the fuel were burned directly for heating.


===All types of power===
===All types of power sources===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Power source<br> 100% in!! % Electricity out!! % Warm up!! % Useful heat out <br>with VP COP 4 !! Net effect electricity production<br>% fuel in
! Power source<br> 100% in!! % Electricity out!! % Heat out!! % Useful heat out <br>with HP COP 4 !! Net effect electricity contribution<br>by % of fuel energy in
|-
|-
|Direct combustion for heat <br>(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas) || 0 || 100 || 100 || 25
|Direct combustion for heating <br>(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas) || 0 || 100 || 100 || 25
|-
|-
| Internal combustion engine with gas/liquid fuel <br>([[Gen set]])|| 35|| 0 || 140 || 35
| Internal combustion engine with gas/liquid fuel <br>([[Gen set]])|| 35|| 0 || 140 || 35
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|}
|}


====Electric car compared to petrol car ====
===Relative energy demand for heating with combinations of electricity production and electric heating/heat pumps===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Examples of power source
!'''Electric Efficiency'''
| colspan="8" |'''System efficiency during heating'''
|-
! rowspan="1" |Solar collector
!0%
| colspan="8" |200-143%
|-
! rowspan="2" |Combustion for heating
(oil, gas, firewood)
!0%
| colspan="8" |111%
|-
!
!Electric heat
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!<=COP
|-
![[Solar cell]]
!'''15%'''
| <u>667%<u>
| <u>333%<u>
| <u>222%<u>
| <u>167%<u>
| <u>133%<u>
| <u>111%<u>
| '''95%'''
|
|-
!Nuclear power, Old coal power, oil power, good petrol engine
!'''30%'''
| <u>333%<u>
| <u>167%<u>
| <u>111%<u>
| '''83%'''
| 67%
| 56%
| 48%
|
|-
!Efficient coal power, modern diesel engine
!'''40%'''
| <u>250%<u>
| <u>125%<u>
| '''83%'''
| 63%
| 50%
| 42%
| 36%
|
|-
!Very large diesel engines
!'''50%'''
| <u>200%<u>
| '''100%'''
| 67%
| 50%
| 40%
| 33%
| 29%
|
|-
!Efficient gas combined cycle power plants
!'''60%'''
| <u>167%<u>
| 83%
| 56%
| 42%
| 33%
| 28%
| 24%
|
|-
!
!'''70%'''
| <u>143%<u>
| 71%
| 48%
| 36%
| 29%
| 24%
| 20%
|
|}
 
<u>Underlined</u> system efficiencies are combinations with a lower efficiency than combustion or optimal heat capture for heating (eg oil boiler, wood burning).
 
'''Bold''' is the dividing line where the combination gives a higher efficiency than the theoretical maximum for combustion alone or heat capture for heating (100%).
 
====Conclusions ====
*[[Resistive electric heating]] corresponds to COP 1. It gives that it is more efficient to burn the fuel directly for heating than resistive electric heating.
 
*For the combination gas combined cycle power plant and heat pump with heat factor (COP) 4, the total energy requirement is reduced to 42% compared to direct combustion with a theoretical 100% efficiency.
 
*Conversion from gas heating to heat pumps ([[SCOP]] 4) is very efficient.
 
*Conversion from coal burning to heat pumps ([[SCOP]] 4) with coal condensate is also effective.
 
*Thermal power has an electrical efficiency of up to 60%. An efficient combustion boiler up to approx. 90%. Local heating as peak heating for heat pumps, (wood, oil, gas, etc.) then results in lower total energy use and carbon dioxide emissions.
 
*By combining high-efficiency power units with heat pumps with a high heating factor, the fuel requirement can be reduced.
 
===Electric car compared to ICE petrol car ===
An electric car cuts carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to a petrol car if the electricity is produced with petrol.
An electric car cuts carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to a petrol car if the electricity is produced with petrol.


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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Power stroke<br> 100% in !! % Electricity out!! % Warm up!! % Useful heat out <br>with VP COP 4 !! Net effect electricity production<br>% fuel in
! Power source<br> 100% in!! % Electricity out!! % Heat out!! % Useful heat out <br>with HP COP 4 !! Net effect electricity contribution<br>by % of fuel energy in
|-
|-
|Direct combustion for heat <br>(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas) || 0 || 100 || 100 || 25
|Direct combustion for heat <br>(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas) || 0 || 100 || 100 || 25
Line 48: Line 160:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Power out!! % Electricity out!! % Heat out !! % Useful heat out<br>with VP COP 4 !! Net effect electricity production<br> % fuel in
! Power source<br> 100% in!! % Electricity out!! % Heat out!! % Useful heat out <br>with HP COP 4 !! Net effect electricity contribution<br>by % of fuel energy in
|-
|-
|Direct combustion for heat <br>(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas) || 0 || 100 || 100 || 25
|Direct combustion for heat <br>(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas) || 0 || 100 || 100 || 25

Latest revision as of 11:45, 9 March 2023

|SE|

One way to determine which energy source that is best for the environment is to assess the benefit in the form of heat or electricity a power source can provide. The tables below can be read as 1 unit of fuel provides X heating and Y electricity. Higher number is better.

Note that "useful heat out" greater than 100 means that the end result is more heat energy than if the fuel were burned directly for heating.

All types of power sources

Power source
100% in		 % Electricity out % Heat out % Useful heat out
with HP COP 4		 Net effect electricity contribution
by % of fuel energy in
Direct combustion for heating
(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas)		 0 100 100 25
Internal combustion engine with gas/liquid fuel
(Gen set)		 35 0 140 35
Solid fuel in condensation power plant 40 0 160 40
Combustion engine with gas/liquid fuel with district heating 35 65 205 51
Solid fuel in cogeneration plants 40 60 220 55
Gas/liquid fuel in gas combined cycle power plant without district heating 60 0 240 60
Gas/liquid fuel in gas combined heat and power plants with district heating 60 40 280 70

Relative energy demand for heating with combinations of electricity production and electric heating/heat pumps

Examples of power source Electric Efficiency System efficiency during heating
Solar collector 0% 200-143%
Combustion for heating

(oil, gas, firewood)

0% 111%
Electric heat 2 3 4 5 6 7 <=COP
Solar cell 15% 667% 333% 222% 167% 133% 111% 95%
Nuclear power, Old coal power, oil power, good petrol engine 30% 333% 167% 111% 83% 67% 56% 48%
Efficient coal power, modern diesel engine 40% 250% 125% 83% 63% 50% 42% 36%
Very large diesel engines 50% 200% 100% 67% 50% 40% 33% 29%
Efficient gas combined cycle power plants 60% 167% 83% 56% 42% 33% 28% 24%
70% 143% 71% 48% 36% 29% 24% 20%

Underlined system efficiencies are combinations with a lower efficiency than combustion or optimal heat capture for heating (eg oil boiler, wood burning).

Bold is the dividing line where the combination gives a higher efficiency than the theoretical maximum for combustion alone or heat capture for heating (100%).

Conclusions

  • Resistive electric heating corresponds to COP 1. It gives that it is more efficient to burn the fuel directly for heating than resistive electric heating.
  • For the combination gas combined cycle power plant and heat pump with heat factor (COP) 4, the total energy requirement is reduced to 42% compared to direct combustion with a theoretical 100% efficiency.
  • Conversion from gas heating to heat pumps (SCOP 4) is very efficient.
  • Conversion from coal burning to heat pumps (SCOP 4) with coal condensate is also effective.
  • Thermal power has an electrical efficiency of up to 60%. An efficient combustion boiler up to approx. 90%. Local heating as peak heating for heat pumps, (wood, oil, gas, etc.) then results in lower total energy use and carbon dioxide emissions.
  • By combining high-efficiency power units with heat pumps with a high heating factor, the fuel requirement can be reduced.

Electric car compared to ICE petrol car

An electric car cuts carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to a petrol car if the electricity is produced with petrol.

If gasoline is used in a car engine, a maximum of 30% can become electricity = kinetic energy under optimal conditions.

If gasoline is used to produce electricity in a gas combined cycle power plant with a combined cycle, you can get about 60% electricity = kinetic energy.

Solid fuels

Power source
100% in		 % Electricity out % Heat out % Useful heat out
with HP COP 4		 Net effect electricity contribution
by % of fuel energy in
Direct combustion for heat
(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas)		 0 100 100 25
Solid fuel in condensation power plant 40 0 160 40
Solid fuel in cogeneration plants 40 60 220 55


Gas and liquid fuels

Power source
100% in		 % Electricity out % Heat out % Useful heat out
with HP COP 4		 Net effect electricity contribution
by % of fuel energy in
Direct combustion for heat
(wood burning, pellets, oil, gas)		 0 100 100 25
Internal combustion engine with gas/liquid fuel
(Gen set)		 35 0 140 35
Combustion engine with gas/liquid fuel with district heating 35 65 205 51
Gas/liquid fuel in gas combined cycle power plant without district heating 60 0 240 60
Gas/liquid fuel in gas combined heat and power plants with district heating 60 40 280 70
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